According to the May 2019 Financial Stability Report from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, there was more than $15 billion in outstanding commercial credit. While there are many ways companies can obtain funding, additional paid-in-capital (APIC) is one way to accomplish this goal.
Defining APIC
This term refers to the gap between a share’s par value and the distribution price. If an investor pays more than what the company sets for its IPO price offer, that is what determines APIC.
Defining Par Value
Par value is the initial offer price a publicly traded company decides to offer shares to investors during its initial public offering (IPO) on exchanges. Depending on the actual initial price for an IPO, it can be done for publicity reasons, to reduce litigation risks and to aid in improving shareholder return on investment.
Market Value
Based on how well a publicly traded company performs, this is the prevailing price that investors assign to the share price, which varies dynamically.
Determining APIC
Calculating APIC is done as follows:
APIC = (Issue Price – Par Value) x Number of Shares Acquired by Investors
If a company establishes a stock price of $2 per share, investors can decide to bid up each share price to $3 or $7 or $20 via their purchases. If there are 2 million shares outstanding selling for a total of $44 million, the excess of $40 million (beyond the $4 million in par value) is the APIC.
Based on these circumstances, a company’s balance sheet should have the following entries:
– $4 million (paid-in-capital)
– $40 million (additional paid-in-capital)
When accounting for these stock purchases in this scenario, APIC is recorded on the balance sheet under the shareholder equity (SE) section. This can be seen as increasing a company’s bottom line because it results in them receiving additional cash from stockholders.
When it comes to recording the journal entry, the total cash generated by the IPO is recorded as an asset (debit) on the balance sheet, while the common stock and APIC are recorded as equity (credits).
Utility
The utility metric can yield a considerable amount of a business’ share capital, prior to retained earnings starting to accumulate. It helps provide a financial cushion for the company if retained earnings demonstrate a shortfall.
Companies that issue shares permit the business to not increase its fixed costs. Since this method is chosen instead of issuing bonds, there are no interest payments due to buyers of the bonds. Investors are not due any payments, including no dividend obligations. Business assets are also not subject to investor claims. Once shares are issued to investors, the generated funds are non-restricted, so the company can direct the funds as necessary.
APIC lets businesses produce money without any required assets backing the transaction. Depending on the company’s future performance, buying stock at the IPO can generate massive returns.
Further considerations
When there are additional share offerings post IPO, either common or preferred shares, the APIC levels may grow, necessitating them to be documented on the business’s financial statements. If share repurchases are made, levels can be decreased.
While each business has many options to raise money, if a company uses this method, it’s important to ensure that they are accounted for properly. As always, contact a professional to ensure the best personalized advice.
How to Account for Additional Paid-in-Capital (APIC)
December 1, 2025 · Accounting News, Blog
⏱ 3 min read
According to the May 2019 Financial Stability Report from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, there was more than $15 billion in outstanding commercial credit. While there are many ways companies can obtain funding, additional paid-in-capital (APIC) is one way to accomplish this goal.
Defining APIC
This term refers to the gap between a share’s par value and the distribution price. If an investor pays more than what the company sets for its IPO price offer, that is what determines APIC.
Defining Par Value
Par value is the initial offer price a publicly traded company decides to offer shares to investors during its initial public offering (IPO) on exchanges. Depending on the actual initial price for an IPO, it can be done for publicity reasons, to reduce litigation risks and to aid in improving shareholder return on investment.
Market Value
Based on how well a publicly traded company performs, this is the prevailing price that investors assign to the share price, which varies dynamically.
Determining APIC
Calculating APIC is done as follows:
APIC = (Issue Price – Par Value) x Number of Shares Acquired by Investors
If a company establishes a stock price of $2 per share, investors can decide to bid up each share price to $3 or $7 or $20 via their purchases. If there are 2 million shares outstanding selling for a total of $44 million, the excess of $40 million (beyond the $4 million in par value) is the APIC.
Based on these circumstances, a company’s balance sheet should have the following entries:
– $4 million (paid-in-capital)
– $40 million (additional paid-in-capital)
When accounting for these stock purchases in this scenario, APIC is recorded on the balance sheet under the shareholder equity (SE) section. This can be seen as increasing a company’s bottom line because it results in them receiving additional cash from stockholders.
When it comes to recording the journal entry, the total cash generated by the IPO is recorded as an asset (debit) on the balance sheet, while the common stock and APIC are recorded as equity (credits).
Utility
The utility metric can yield a considerable amount of a business’ share capital, prior to retained earnings starting to accumulate. It helps provide a financial cushion for the company if retained earnings demonstrate a shortfall.
Companies that issue shares permit the business to not increase its fixed costs. Since this method is chosen instead of issuing bonds, there are no interest payments due to buyers of the bonds. Investors are not due any payments, including no dividend obligations. Business assets are also not subject to investor claims. Once shares are issued to investors, the generated funds are non-restricted, so the company can direct the funds as necessary.
APIC lets businesses produce money without any required assets backing the transaction. Depending on the company’s future performance, buying stock at the IPO can generate massive returns.
Further considerations
When there are additional share offerings post IPO, either common or preferred shares, the APIC levels may grow, necessitating them to be documented on the business’s financial statements. If share repurchases are made, levels can be decreased.
While each business has many options to raise money, if a company uses this method, it’s important to ensure that they are accounted for properly. As always, contact a professional to ensure the best personalized advice.
Disclaimer
These articles provide general information on tax, accounting, and financial topics for small businesses and individuals. They are educational in nature and are not specific legal, accounting, financial, tax, or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This content was prepared by Service2Client and may have been reviewed or edited by the website owner for accuracy and compliance. Look for a trust mark below for verification details. No representation is made that any approach described will achieve a particular result, and no regulatory or professional body has reviewed or endorsed this content. Because each situation is different, readers should consult a qualified professional about their specific circumstances before acting. Images accompanying these articles are protected by copyright and may not be copied or reused.
When it comes to evaluating a business, there are many ways to perform a valuation. One way to do so is to use the Q Ratio. Known as Tobin’s Q Ratio or simply the Q Ratio, this method looks at the proportion between the values of a physical asset and its replacement cost. Developed by Nobel laureate economist James Tobin, this ratio presumes a single company; for public investors, if asset values can be estimated, the company’s market value of a publicly traded company may be approximately estimated.
The original formula is as follows:
Q Ratio = Market Value of Assets / Replacement Cost of Capital
While this formula is the original iteration, approximating an asset’s replacement value is complicated and oftentimes not 100 percent realistic to analyze. The more realistic way it’s calculated is by using book values in lieu of the asset’s replacement costs. The new way to calculate it is as follows:
Q Ratio = (Equity Market Value + Liabilities’ Market Value) / (Equity Book Value + Liabilities’ Market Value)
When it comes to calculating the overall market’s Q Ratio:
Q Ratio = Value of the Stock Market / Corporate Net Worth
Putting the Q Ratio in Practice
Essentially, it’s used to value a company. Once calculated, the Q Ratio provides internal stakeholders and outside investors with one way to evaluate a company.
Above 1
If the Q Ratio is more than 1, the business’ market value is higher than its booked assets. It means a company’s valuation is overestimated in the eyes of the market since there is some portion of the company’s assets that are either not documented or valued fully. When the Q Ratio is above 1, a business’ earnings are worth more than replacement costs for the assets. At this level, entrepreneurs are incentivized to develop a competitor business to gain market share and financial gain.
Equal to 1
When the Q Ratio equals 1, it implies the market sees the company’s assets as valued fairly.
Below 1
At this level, a business’ assets are worth more than fair market value, establishing the business as undervalued. Investors with enough assets can purchase the company in question, either via shares if publicly traded or outright if a private company, versus trying to create a competitor company to siphon value away from it.
Further Consideration
When it comes to the calculated Q Ratio, it’s important to keep it in context. While accountants can be precise with many things during preparation, when it comes to market forces and intangible assets, analysts need to use their judgment. Investors and market forces can create hyperbole for a business’ value that can’t be quantified and recorded by accountants. Stock analysts’ perspectives on a business’ prospects or rumors regarding future performance can modulate the present, dynamic valuation of the company.
Another consideration is how to document and gauge intangible assets like intellectual property and goodwill. While accountants can approximate IP or goodwill, it’s not an exact science.
Thus, when businesses use the Q Ratio to value their own company or one they consider purchasing, investors must take the Q Ratio as part of a holistic valuation approach.
Understanding The Q Ratio
November 1, 2025 · Blog, General Business News
⏱ 3 min read
When it comes to evaluating a business, there are many ways to perform a valuation. One way to do so is to use the Q Ratio. Known as Tobin’s Q Ratio or simply the Q Ratio, this method looks at the proportion between the values of a physical asset and its replacement cost. Developed by Nobel laureate economist James Tobin, this ratio presumes a single company; for public investors, if asset values can be estimated, the company’s market value of a publicly traded company may be approximately estimated.
The original formula is as follows:
Q Ratio = Market Value of Assets / Replacement Cost of Capital
While this formula is the original iteration, approximating an asset’s replacement value is complicated and oftentimes not 100 percent realistic to analyze. The more realistic way it’s calculated is by using book values in lieu of the asset’s replacement costs. The new way to calculate it is as follows:
Q Ratio = (Equity Market Value + Liabilities’ Market Value) / (Equity Book Value + Liabilities’ Market Value)
When it comes to calculating the overall market’s Q Ratio:
Q Ratio = Value of the Stock Market / Corporate Net Worth
Putting the Q Ratio in Practice
Essentially, it’s used to value a company. Once calculated, the Q Ratio provides internal stakeholders and outside investors with one way to evaluate a company.
Above 1
If the Q Ratio is more than 1, the business’ market value is higher than its booked assets. It means a company’s valuation is overestimated in the eyes of the market since there is some portion of the company’s assets that are either not documented or valued fully. When the Q Ratio is above 1, a business’ earnings are worth more than replacement costs for the assets. At this level, entrepreneurs are incentivized to develop a competitor business to gain market share and financial gain.
Equal to 1
When the Q Ratio equals 1, it implies the market sees the company’s assets as valued fairly.
Below 1
At this level, a business’ assets are worth more than fair market value, establishing the business as undervalued. Investors with enough assets can purchase the company in question, either via shares if publicly traded or outright if a private company, versus trying to create a competitor company to siphon value away from it.
Further Consideration
When it comes to the calculated Q Ratio, it’s important to keep it in context. While accountants can be precise with many things during preparation, when it comes to market forces and intangible assets, analysts need to use their judgment. Investors and market forces can create hyperbole for a business’ value that can’t be quantified and recorded by accountants. Stock analysts’ perspectives on a business’ prospects or rumors regarding future performance can modulate the present, dynamic valuation of the company.
Another consideration is how to document and gauge intangible assets like intellectual property and goodwill. While accountants can approximate IP or goodwill, it’s not an exact science.
Thus, when businesses use the Q Ratio to value their own company or one they consider purchasing, investors must take the Q Ratio as part of a holistic valuation approach.
Disclaimer
These articles provide general information on tax, accounting, and financial topics for small businesses and individuals. They are educational in nature and are not specific legal, accounting, financial, tax, or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This content was prepared by Service2Client and may have been reviewed or edited by the website owner for accuracy and compliance. Look for a trust mark below for verification details. No representation is made that any approach described will achieve a particular result, and no regulatory or professional body has reviewed or endorsed this content. Because each situation is different, readers should consult a qualified professional about their specific circumstances before acting. Images accompanying these articles are protected by copyright and may not be copied or reused.
Despite major investments in cybersecurity, organizations continue to face breaches. Most security mechanisms implemented guard against threats such as password theft. However, there is a growing concern with the unchecked expansion of user access, permissions, and tokens across apps, clouds, and systems.
This growing challenge is known as authorization sprawl, and it is becoming one of the most dangerous and least visible threats in modern enterprise security.
According to insights from the SANS keynote at the RSAC 2025 Conference, attackers are increasingly exploiting this sprawl to gain legitimate, persistent access that bypasses multifactor authentication (MFA), security information and event management (SIEM) alerts, and endpoint detection and response (EDR) visibility altogether.
What is Authorization Sprawl?
Authorization sprawl occurs when access permissions multiply uncontrollably across systems, users, and applications. Every time a team or department adds a new SaaS integration, service account, or API key, another layer of permission is introduced.
In an attempt to make access to multiple applications easy, users also have single sign-on (SSO), designed to help log in once and access multiple applications securely. Here, users are granted access to several connected systems through SSO, adding to the authorization sprawl problem.
Over time, all these factors create a complex ecosystem that even security teams have a hard time tracing who can access what.
Unlike authentication, which verifies who someone is, authorization determines what one can do. When permissions expand without review, attackers take advantage of forgotten tokens, dormant accounts, or outdated roles to move freely inside systems.
Why Traditional Defenses Miss It
Most defenses focus on identity verification, such as MFA, conditional access, and endpoint protection. But once a user is authenticated, there is no monitoring. This is the blind spot that attackers exploit. Instead of breaking in, they log in using legitimate session tokens, application programming interface (API) keys, or open authorization (OAuth) grants.
The misuse of valid credentials or access tokens enables cloud-related breaches. These attacks bypass traditional detection tools because they appear to be normal activity by authorized users.
A recent incident involving Salesloft’s Drift application highlights how damaging authorization sprawl can be. Drift, an AI chatbot often integrated with Salesforce, was exploited after attackers gained access to Salesloft’s GitHub account and later its AWS environment. From there, they stole OAuth tokens and authentication credentials, exposing Salesforce data from potentially hundreds of organizations. This incident is an example of how interconnected SaaS systems and unchecked authorization links can create a cascading breach effect, where one weak point leads to multiple breaches across services.
The Business Impact of Authorization Sprawl
Aside from increasing technical risk, authorization sprawl erodes compliance, governance, and trust.
Regulatory Exposure – Frameworks like GDPR, SOC 2, and HIPAA require strict access control and auditability. Untracked permissions make demonstrating compliance nearly impossible.
Operational Risk – An overprivileged account can unintentionally leak data, delete configurations, or expose APIs.
False Sense of Security – Zero Trust frameworks often stop at identity verification. Failing to continuously validate authorization is equivalent to protecting the front door while leaving internal doors wide open.
How to Fix Authorization Sprawl
Luckily, solving this problem does not require removing existing security controls but rather extending visibility and discipline into authorization.
Conduct Regular Access Audits – Map users, roles, and permissions across your environment. Be sure to look for redundant privileges, dormant accounts, and orphaned API keys. Use tools that help visualize hidden paths and privilege escalation routes.
Implement Structured Access Control – Use frameworks like role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC). Standardizing roles ensures fewer exceptions and easier auditing.
Automate Reviews and Revocations – Integrate identity and access management (IAM) with HR systems so access automatically changes when employees leave or change roles. This helps eliminate the temporary access that never gets removed.
Shorten Token Lifetimes and Rotate Credentials – Session tokens and personal access tokens (PATs) should have an expiration period, such as 30 to 90 days. Using automated key rotation policies will help prevent long-lived access tokens from becoming backdoors.
Enforce the Principle of Least Privilege – Grant users and systems only the minimum access needed.
Extend Zero Trust to Authorization – Verification shouldn’t end with login. Apply continuous authorization checks.
Conclusion
As cloud ecosystems, APIs, and integrations continue to multiply, authorization complexity will grow exponentially. Businesses that invest in mapping and controlling authorization sprawl will stay ahead of both attackers and regulators. In cybersecurity, visibility equals control, and this begins with knowing exactly who can do what.
Why Authorization Sprawl Is the Next Big Security Blind Spot and How to Fix It
November 1, 2025 · Blog, What's New in Technology
⏱ 4 min read
Despite major investments in cybersecurity, organizations continue to face breaches. Most security mechanisms implemented guard against threats such as password theft. However, there is a growing concern with the unchecked expansion of user access, permissions, and tokens across apps, clouds, and systems.
This growing challenge is known as authorization sprawl, and it is becoming one of the most dangerous and least visible threats in modern enterprise security.
According to insights from the SANS keynote at the RSAC 2025 Conference, attackers are increasingly exploiting this sprawl to gain legitimate, persistent access that bypasses multifactor authentication (MFA), security information and event management (SIEM) alerts, and endpoint detection and response (EDR) visibility altogether.
What is Authorization Sprawl?
Authorization sprawl occurs when access permissions multiply uncontrollably across systems, users, and applications. Every time a team or department adds a new SaaS integration, service account, or API key, another layer of permission is introduced.
In an attempt to make access to multiple applications easy, users also have single sign-on (SSO), designed to help log in once and access multiple applications securely. Here, users are granted access to several connected systems through SSO, adding to the authorization sprawl problem.
Over time, all these factors create a complex ecosystem that even security teams have a hard time tracing who can access what.
Unlike authentication, which verifies who someone is, authorization determines what one can do. When permissions expand without review, attackers take advantage of forgotten tokens, dormant accounts, or outdated roles to move freely inside systems.
Why Traditional Defenses Miss It
Most defenses focus on identity verification, such as MFA, conditional access, and endpoint protection. But once a user is authenticated, there is no monitoring. This is the blind spot that attackers exploit. Instead of breaking in, they log in using legitimate session tokens, application programming interface (API) keys, or open authorization (OAuth) grants.
The misuse of valid credentials or access tokens enables cloud-related breaches. These attacks bypass traditional detection tools because they appear to be normal activity by authorized users.
A recent incident involving Salesloft’s Drift application highlights how damaging authorization sprawl can be. Drift, an AI chatbot often integrated with Salesforce, was exploited after attackers gained access to Salesloft’s GitHub account and later its AWS environment. From there, they stole OAuth tokens and authentication credentials, exposing Salesforce data from potentially hundreds of organizations. This incident is an example of how interconnected SaaS systems and unchecked authorization links can create a cascading breach effect, where one weak point leads to multiple breaches across services.
The Business Impact of Authorization Sprawl
Aside from increasing technical risk, authorization sprawl erodes compliance, governance, and trust.
Regulatory Exposure – Frameworks like GDPR, SOC 2, and HIPAA require strict access control and auditability. Untracked permissions make demonstrating compliance nearly impossible.
Operational Risk – An overprivileged account can unintentionally leak data, delete configurations, or expose APIs.
False Sense of Security – Zero Trust frameworks often stop at identity verification. Failing to continuously validate authorization is equivalent to protecting the front door while leaving internal doors wide open.
How to Fix Authorization Sprawl
Luckily, solving this problem does not require removing existing security controls but rather extending visibility and discipline into authorization.
Conduct Regular Access Audits – Map users, roles, and permissions across your environment. Be sure to look for redundant privileges, dormant accounts, and orphaned API keys. Use tools that help visualize hidden paths and privilege escalation routes.
Implement Structured Access Control – Use frameworks like role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC). Standardizing roles ensures fewer exceptions and easier auditing.
Automate Reviews and Revocations – Integrate identity and access management (IAM) with HR systems so access automatically changes when employees leave or change roles. This helps eliminate the temporary access that never gets removed.
Shorten Token Lifetimes and Rotate Credentials – Session tokens and personal access tokens (PATs) should have an expiration period, such as 30 to 90 days. Using automated key rotation policies will help prevent long-lived access tokens from becoming backdoors.
Enforce the Principle of Least Privilege – Grant users and systems only the minimum access needed.
Extend Zero Trust to Authorization – Verification shouldn’t end with login. Apply continuous authorization checks.
Conclusion
As cloud ecosystems, APIs, and integrations continue to multiply, authorization complexity will grow exponentially. Businesses that invest in mapping and controlling authorization sprawl will stay ahead of both attackers and regulators. In cybersecurity, visibility equals control, and this begins with knowing exactly who can do what.
Disclaimer
These articles provide general information on tax, accounting, and financial topics for small businesses and individuals. They are educational in nature and are not specific legal, accounting, financial, tax, or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This content was prepared by Service2Client and may have been reviewed or edited by the website owner for accuracy and compliance. Look for a trust mark below for verification details. No representation is made that any approach described will achieve a particular result, and no regulatory or professional body has reviewed or endorsed this content. Because each situation is different, readers should consult a qualified professional about their specific circumstances before acting. Images accompanying these articles are protected by copyright and may not be copied or reused.
For some of us, last-minute holiday shopping is just what we do. That said, it’s probably never fun, and two things invariably seem to happen: The gifts you want aren’t available, and you end up paying too much. That’s why shopping in November to get the best savings on what you want just might be the right thing to do this year. Here are a few sales dates to put on your calendar.
Singles Day, November 11. Originally started in China as a humorous “anti-Valentine’s Day” event, it’s become one of the biggest shopping days of the year, surpassing Black Friday and Cyber Monday. To top it off, the date, 11/11, was chosen because it symbolizes, you guessed it, four ones – aka singles. On this day, you can find huge discounts at a lot of high-end clothing stores like Athleta, Nordstrom, Lululemon, Abercrombie & Fitch, Madewell, Neiman-Marcus, and J. Crew, to name a few.
Pre-Black Friday, November 20-27. Yes, there is such a thing, as if Black Friday isn’t enough in and of itself. Nevertheless, lots of retailers get in on this. This year, you’ll want to check out early access on holiday deals at Costco, Lowe’s, Best Buy, as well as Kohl’s, GameStop, and PetSmart. You can find other merchants who offer deep discounts here.
Black Friday, November 28. It’s probably the most famous shopping day of the year, where you’ll find huge price cuts across all categories. If you’re into tech stuff, head to Apple, AT&T Wireless, Dell, Google, HP, Lenovo, or Micro Center to start. The big box places to hit are Walmart, Target, and Sam’s Club. For home goods, you’ll find savings at Bed, Bath & Beyond, Ashley Furniture, and Crate & Barrel. If you want a comprehensive list, go to blackfriday.com. (See? There’s even a website dedicated to this day!) But get ready to scroll because there’s a lot there.
Small Business Saturday, November 29. Originally launched in 2010 by American Express, this day is all about shopping at your local stores. So hit your neighborhood shops, markets, coffee shops, and boutiques to support your friends and neighbors. If you don’t know where to start and don’t have a lot of time, just Google “small business Saturday sales near me” and you’ll be good to go.
Cyber Monday, December 1. To cap off all the November savings, you can’t forget this day. And yes, it’s not technically in November, but that’s OK. This date is great because you can let your fingers do the shopping. Online-only offers are king, so hunker down and start searching. Some places with the biggest deals are, again, (and not surprisingly) Amazon, Target, and Walmart – the big three. For more price-cutting goodness, go here.
Life gets busy around this time of year, but if you take a moment, get your list and hit a few of the aforementioned stores, you’ll be way ahead come the holidays. And that just might be the best gift of all.
Get a Jump on Holiday Shopping: Key November Dates
November 1, 2025 · Blog, Tip of the Month
⏱ 3 min read
For some of us, last-minute holiday shopping is just what we do. That said, it’s probably never fun, and two things invariably seem to happen: The gifts you want aren’t available, and you end up paying too much. That’s why shopping in November to get the best savings on what you want just might be the right thing to do this year. Here are a few sales dates to put on your calendar.
Singles Day, November 11. Originally started in China as a humorous “anti-Valentine’s Day” event, it’s become one of the biggest shopping days of the year, surpassing Black Friday and Cyber Monday. To top it off, the date, 11/11, was chosen because it symbolizes, you guessed it, four ones – aka singles. On this day, you can find huge discounts at a lot of high-end clothing stores like Athleta, Nordstrom, Lululemon, Abercrombie & Fitch, Madewell, Neiman-Marcus, and J. Crew, to name a few.
Pre-Black Friday, November 20-27. Yes, there is such a thing, as if Black Friday isn’t enough in and of itself. Nevertheless, lots of retailers get in on this. This year, you’ll want to check out early access on holiday deals at Costco, Lowe’s, Best Buy, as well as Kohl’s, GameStop, and PetSmart. You can find other merchants who offer deep discounts here.
Black Friday, November 28. It’s probably the most famous shopping day of the year, where you’ll find huge price cuts across all categories. If you’re into tech stuff, head to Apple, AT&T Wireless, Dell, Google, HP, Lenovo, or Micro Center to start. The big box places to hit are Walmart, Target, and Sam’s Club. For home goods, you’ll find savings at Bed, Bath & Beyond, Ashley Furniture, and Crate & Barrel. If you want a comprehensive list, go to blackfriday.com. (See? There’s even a website dedicated to this day!) But get ready to scroll because there’s a lot there.
Small Business Saturday, November 29. Originally launched in 2010 by American Express, this day is all about shopping at your local stores. So hit your neighborhood shops, markets, coffee shops, and boutiques to support your friends and neighbors. If you don’t know where to start and don’t have a lot of time, just Google “small business Saturday sales near me” and you’ll be good to go.
Cyber Monday, December 1. To cap off all the November savings, you can’t forget this day. And yes, it’s not technically in November, but that’s OK. This date is great because you can let your fingers do the shopping. Online-only offers are king, so hunker down and start searching. Some places with the biggest deals are, again, (and not surprisingly) Amazon, Target, and Walmart – the big three. For more price-cutting goodness, go here.
Life gets busy around this time of year, but if you take a moment, get your list and hit a few of the aforementioned stores, you’ll be way ahead come the holidays. And that just might be the best gift of all.
These articles provide general information on tax, accounting, and financial topics for small businesses and individuals. They are educational in nature and are not specific legal, accounting, financial, tax, or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This content was prepared by Service2Client and may have been reviewed or edited by the website owner for accuracy and compliance. Look for a trust mark below for verification details. No representation is made that any approach described will achieve a particular result, and no regulatory or professional body has reviewed or endorsed this content. Because each situation is different, readers should consult a qualified professional about their specific circumstances before acting. Images accompanying these articles are protected by copyright and may not be copied or reused.
America’s housing crisis has reached a breaking point. With median home prices soaring past $400,000, the National Association of Home Builders reports that 60 percent of U.S. households can’t even afford a $300,000 home. The math has become impossible for most American families.
While we often blame high mortgage rates, restrictive zoning laws and rising construction costs for the housing shortage, there’s another culprit hiding in plain sight: a decades-old tax rule that’s trapping millions of homeowners in houses they’d rather leave.
The $500,000 Problem
When Congress overhauled capital gains taxes on home sales in 1997, they created what seemed like a generous benefit: homeowners could exclude up to $250,000 in profits from taxes ($500,000 for married couples) when selling their primary residence. This replaced a complex system of rollovers and age-based exemptions with something simpler and cleaner.
But Congress made one critical mistake – they never adjusted these limits for inflation or housing price growth.
Nearly three decades later, these same dollar amounts remain frozen in time, even as home values have skyrocketed. According to new research from Moody’s Analytics, if the exclusion had kept pace with home prices, it would now stand at $885,000 for singles and $1,775,000 for couples. Even adjusting for general inflation alone would double today’s limits.
The Senior Squeeze
This outdated tax rule hits empty-nesters particularly hard. Consider this: nearly 6 million households headed by seniors live in homes larger than 2,500 square feet. Many would gladly downsize to something more manageable, but selling could trigger six-figure tax bills on homes they’ve owned for decades.
The result? They stay put, waiting until death when their heirs can inherit the property with a stepped-up basis that erases all capital gains. Meanwhile, these oversized homes remain off the market, unavailable to growing families who desperately need the space.
Moody’s Analytics estimates these “overhoused” seniors spend $3,000 to $5,000 more annually on maintenance, utilities and property taxes than they would in smaller homes – adding up to $20 billion to 30 billion in unnecessary costs nationwide each year.
An Unexpected Burden on the Middle Class
Surprisingly, this tax burden doesn’t primarily affect the wealthy. Middle-class homeowners in expensive markets like California and Massachusetts face steep tax bills despite modest incomes. Widows face their own challenges, having just two years after a spouse’s death to sell while maintaining the full $500,000 exclusion (though they do receive a partial step-up in basis on their late spouse’s share).
An IRS study revealed a startling fact: 20 percent to 25 percent of capital gains taxes collected under current rules come from filers earning less than $20,000 annually. Meanwhile, wealthier homeowners often have the resources and flexibility to structure sales strategically, minimizing their tax exposure.
The Housing Market Ripple Effect
This tax trap creates a cascade of problems. Young families remain stuck in starter homes. First-time buyers face even fiercer competition for limited inventory. Labor mobility suffers as workers can’t relocate to areas with better job opportunities. The entire housing ecosystem becomes frozen.
The shortage is stark: monthly active listings only climbed back above 1 million in May, according to realtor.com. Before the pandemic, that number hadn’t dropped below that threshold since at least 2016.
Solutions on the Table
Congress is considering two approaches to break this logjam. One would be to double the current exclusions and index them to inflation going forward. The more radical proposal would eliminate the cap entirely.
The Double-Edged Sword
Any change comes with risks. Moody’s Analytics warns that while updating these limits could unlock hundreds of thousands of homes and boost inventory, it might also intensify competition at the lower end of the market as downsizing seniors compete with first-time buyers for the same properties. It could also make housing an even more attractive tax shelter, which would ultimately drive prices higher.
The Path Forward
The paradox is clear: raising or eliminating the capital gains exclusion could provide immediate relief to millions of homeowners trapped by tax considerations. It could inject a much-needed supply into a starved market. But without careful implementation, it could just as easily fuel another round of price increases, leaving affordability as elusive as ever.
The Hidden Tax Trap Keeping America’s Housing Market Frozen
November 1, 2025 · Blog, Tax and Financial News
⏱ 4 min read
America’s housing crisis has reached a breaking point. With median home prices soaring past $400,000, the National Association of Home Builders reports that 60 percent of U.S. households can’t even afford a $300,000 home. The math has become impossible for most American families.
While we often blame high mortgage rates, restrictive zoning laws and rising construction costs for the housing shortage, there’s another culprit hiding in plain sight: a decades-old tax rule that’s trapping millions of homeowners in houses they’d rather leave.
The $500,000 Problem
When Congress overhauled capital gains taxes on home sales in 1997, they created what seemed like a generous benefit: homeowners could exclude up to $250,000 in profits from taxes ($500,000 for married couples) when selling their primary residence. This replaced a complex system of rollovers and age-based exemptions with something simpler and cleaner.
But Congress made one critical mistake – they never adjusted these limits for inflation or housing price growth.
Nearly three decades later, these same dollar amounts remain frozen in time, even as home values have skyrocketed. According to new research from Moody’s Analytics, if the exclusion had kept pace with home prices, it would now stand at $885,000 for singles and $1,775,000 for couples. Even adjusting for general inflation alone would double today’s limits.
The Senior Squeeze
This outdated tax rule hits empty-nesters particularly hard. Consider this: nearly 6 million households headed by seniors live in homes larger than 2,500 square feet. Many would gladly downsize to something more manageable, but selling could trigger six-figure tax bills on homes they’ve owned for decades.
The result? They stay put, waiting until death when their heirs can inherit the property with a stepped-up basis that erases all capital gains. Meanwhile, these oversized homes remain off the market, unavailable to growing families who desperately need the space.
Moody’s Analytics estimates these “overhoused” seniors spend $3,000 to $5,000 more annually on maintenance, utilities and property taxes than they would in smaller homes – adding up to $20 billion to 30 billion in unnecessary costs nationwide each year.
An Unexpected Burden on the Middle Class
Surprisingly, this tax burden doesn’t primarily affect the wealthy. Middle-class homeowners in expensive markets like California and Massachusetts face steep tax bills despite modest incomes. Widows face their own challenges, having just two years after a spouse’s death to sell while maintaining the full $500,000 exclusion (though they do receive a partial step-up in basis on their late spouse’s share).
An IRS study revealed a startling fact: 20 percent to 25 percent of capital gains taxes collected under current rules come from filers earning less than $20,000 annually. Meanwhile, wealthier homeowners often have the resources and flexibility to structure sales strategically, minimizing their tax exposure.
The Housing Market Ripple Effect
This tax trap creates a cascade of problems. Young families remain stuck in starter homes. First-time buyers face even fiercer competition for limited inventory. Labor mobility suffers as workers can’t relocate to areas with better job opportunities. The entire housing ecosystem becomes frozen.
The shortage is stark: monthly active listings only climbed back above 1 million in May, according to realtor.com. Before the pandemic, that number hadn’t dropped below that threshold since at least 2016.
Solutions on the Table
Congress is considering two approaches to break this logjam. One would be to double the current exclusions and index them to inflation going forward. The more radical proposal would eliminate the cap entirely.
The Double-Edged Sword
Any change comes with risks. Moody’s Analytics warns that while updating these limits could unlock hundreds of thousands of homes and boost inventory, it might also intensify competition at the lower end of the market as downsizing seniors compete with first-time buyers for the same properties. It could also make housing an even more attractive tax shelter, which would ultimately drive prices higher.
The Path Forward
The paradox is clear: raising or eliminating the capital gains exclusion could provide immediate relief to millions of homeowners trapped by tax considerations. It could inject a much-needed supply into a starved market. But without careful implementation, it could just as easily fuel another round of price increases, leaving affordability as elusive as ever.
Disclaimer
These articles provide general information on tax, accounting, and financial topics for small businesses and individuals. They are educational in nature and are not specific legal, accounting, financial, tax, or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This content was prepared by Service2Client and may have been reviewed or edited by the website owner for accuracy and compliance. Look for a trust mark below for verification details. No representation is made that any approach described will achieve a particular result, and no regulatory or professional body has reviewed or endorsed this content. Because each situation is different, readers should consult a qualified professional about their specific circumstances before acting. Images accompanying these articles are protected by copyright and may not be copied or reused.
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America’s housing crisis has reached a breaking point. With median home prices soaring past $400,000, the National Association of Home Builders reports that 60 percent of U.S. households can’t even afford a $300,000 home. The math has become impossible for most American families.